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Rook and pawn versus rook endgame
The rook and pawn versus rook endgame is of fundamental importance to chess endgames , , , , and has been widely studied , . Precise play is usually required in these positions. With optimal play, some complicated wins require sixty moves to either checkmate, win the defending rook, or successfully promote the pawn . In some cases, thirty-five moves are required to advance the pawn once .
The play of this type of ending revolves around whether or not the pawn can be promoted, or if the defending rook must be sacrificed to prevent promotion. If the pawn promotes, that side will have an overwhelming material advantage. If the pawn is about to promote, the defending side may give up his rook for the pawn, resulting in an easily won endgame for the superior side (a basic checkmate). In a few cases, the superior side gives up his rook in order to promote the pawn, resulting in a won queen versus rook position (see Pawnless chess endgame#Queen versus rook).
A general rule of thumb (with exceptions) is: ''if the king on the side without the pawn can reach the queening square of the pawn, the game is a draw; otherwise it is a win for the opponent (except with a rook pawn, i.e. a- or h-file)'' . The side with the pawn can cut off the opposing king or strive for the Lucena position, which is a win. The defender can aim for the Philidor position (which is a draw) or try to set up one of the other defensive techniques that draw . A rook and two pawns usually win against a rook, but there are plenty of exceptions.
==Importance==
Endings with rooks and pawns are the most common type to occur in games, occurring in about 8 to 10 percent of all games , . A majority of rook and pawn endings with more pawns have the potential of being reduced to this type of endgame (rook and one pawn versus rook) , . John Nunn wrote a 352-page book about this ending, ''Secrets of Rook Endings'' . Volume 2 of the ''Encyclopedia of Chess Endings'' devotes 92 pages to the analysis of 428 positions of this type . André Chéron wrote over 150 pages analyzing 120 positions of this endgame in his famous book ''Lehr- und Handbuch der Endspiele'' , . In ''100 Endgames You Must Know'' by Jesús de la Villa, 17 are of this type .〔"()he study of rook plus pawn vs. rook is the first and essential step to understanding positions with more pawns on he board." de la Villa, 2008, p. 123. "(Philidor Position ) is perhaps the most important one in endgame theory." de la Villa, 2008, p. 125. In ''Fundamental Chess Endings'', Karsten Müller and Frank Lamprecht say that the Philidor Position is "the most important position in the whole book" (emphasis in the original) .〕 John Nunn covers 100 topics in ''Understanding Chess Endgames'' – eight are about this type of endgame .〔The ending of rook and pawn versus rook is one of the basic endings which arises most often in practice, and it is also fundamental for a general understanding of rook endings. Nunn 2009, p. 106〕
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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